Efeitos da atenção dividida no priming de repetição / Effects of divided attention in repetition priming

O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar possíveis efeitos da atenção dividida no priming de repetição a partir de uma revisão seletiva da literatura. Foram selecionados estudos realizados com testes de priming perceptual e/ou conceitual, nos quais a divisão da atenção foi realizada na fase de codificação ou de recuperação. Em geral, as evidências indicaram que o priming, tanto o perceptual quanto o conceitual, foi afetado pela atenção dividida na codificação quando a tarefa secundária (ou distratora) foi mais demandante de atenção, exigindo resposta frequente e apresentada sincrônica ao estímulo alvo. Poucos estudos foram realizados na recuperação e eles indicaram imunidade do priming perceptual e conceitual à atenção dividida. Conclui-se que os processos de memória implícita podem exigir recursos atencionais na codificação. Implicações teóricas dos resultados são discutidas.

This article aims to investigate possible effects of divided attention on repetition priming from a selective review of the literature. Studies were included if they utilized perceptual and/or conceptual priming tasks, in which the division of attention was performed during encoding or retrieval. In general, the results suggested that perceptual and conceptual priming were affected by divided attention during encoding. This effect occurred when the secondary task (or distractor task) demanded higher levels of attention, requiring frequent task responses and it was presented simultaneously to the memory target stimulus. The few studies investigating retrieval showed that perceptual and conceptual priming are not sensitive to divided attention. Therefore, implicit memory processes may require attentional resources in the encoding. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.

Disease prevalence and grade repetition among adolescents in South Africa: is there any relationship?

Background. A universal goal of public health is to ensure that adolescents have a healthy transition to adulthood. In developing countries, a host of social, economic and political factors inhibit this from happening. The results of these challenges include an increasing disease prevalence among an age group (10 - 19-year-olds) that should be healthy. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to identify the most prevalent diseases and assess the relationship between disease and grade repetition among adolescents in South Africa (SA), and to assess the impact of disease on grade repetition. Methods. Data from the SA General Household Surveys (2009 - 2016) were analysed, and both adolescent (10 - 19 years) sexes from all geographical and racial groups were included. Frequencies, percentages and rates of infectious, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health outcomes were estimated. The relationship between disease and grade repetition was determined using logistic regression. Results. Infectious diseases, NCDs and mental illnesses are increasing in adolescents over time. In urban areas, rates of NCDs are higher than those of infectious diseases, while in rural areas a high burden of infectious disease persists. Among adolescents who repeated a grade, 7.07% had an infectious disease. In addition, infectious disease (odds ratio (OR) 1.17, p<0.05), younger adolescents, 15 - 19-year-olds (OR 1.52, p<0.05) and urban residence (OR 1.12, p<0.05) are associated with increased likelihood of grade repetition. Conclusion. Policies and programmes in SA which address the health of adolescents need to be more aware of the disease prevalence among school pupils in the country. Prolonged disease occurrences are contributing to the slow school progression and eventual matriculation of pupils

O Teste de Associação Implícita para avaliação da preferência profissional em psicologia / The Implicit Association Test (IAT) for professional preference in Psychology / La Prueba de Asociación Implícita (TAI) para la elección profesional en Psicología

Muitas vezes na orientação profissional o processo é focado em aspectos conscientes e explícitos das pessoas avaliadas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi desenvolver uma medida de atitude implícita (TAI) frente a áreas da psicologia e testar sua solidez psicométrica, de forma a prover instrumentos de apoio à orientação profissional e à pesquisa sobre a mensuração desse tipo de fenômeno. Foram conduzidos dois estudos com amostras diversificadas. Identificou-se que os instrumentos apresentaram qualidades psicométricas aceitáveis e evidências favoráveis de validade. Considera-se que o TAI desenvolvido apresentou qualidades psicométricas aceitáveis e é uma contribuição para o estudo da escolha profissional e orientação profissional, aumentando o conjunto de técnicas disponíveis para avaliação psicológica neste contexto.

Often, the career counseling process focuses on the conscious and explicit aspects of the evaluated people. The aim of this study was to develop a measure of implicit attitude towards areas of psychology and test its psychometric strength in order to provide tools to support career counseling. Two studies were conducted in different samples. It was identified that the instruments showed acceptable psychometric properties and favorable evidence of validity. It is considered that the developed IAT had acceptable psychometric properties and is a contribution to the study of career choice and career counseling, adding to the set of available techniques for psychological evaluation in this context.

A menudo, el proceso de orientación profesional se centra en los aspectos conscientes y explícitos de las personas evaluadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una medida de la actitud implícita (TAI) ante áreas de la psicología y probar su fuerza psicométrica con el fin de proporcionar herramientas de apoyo a la orientación profesional y a la investigación sobre la medición de este tipo de fenómeno. Se realizaron dos estudios en diversas muestras. Se identificó que los instrumentos mostraron propiedades psicométricas aceptables y evidencia de validez favorable. Se considera que el TAI desarrollado presentó propiedades psicométricas aceptables y es una contribución al estudio de la elección y la orientación profesional, ampliando el conjunto de técnicas disponibles para la evaluación psicológica en este contexto.

Effect of an educational tooth-brushing program using priming in an elderly population with dementia residing in nursing homes / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an educational program using priming on oral health, and dental plaque, and gingival bleeding indices in an elderly population with dementia (EWD) residing in nursing homes. METHODS: A pretest and posttest were conducted with a nonequivalent control group. In total, 40 participants from an EWD had the following characteristics: 1) they were aged >65 years, 2) they scored <23 points on the MMSE-DS, 3) they were able to communicate, 4) they were able to hold a toothbrush and brush his or her teeth by themselves, and 5) they had no periodontal treatment for the last 3 months. Through random sampling, participants were assigned into either the experimental (n=20) or control group (n=20). The educational program consisted of twelve 30-minute sessions (twice per week for 6 weeks). The control group was demonstrated the standard tooth-brushing method by the facility during the study period. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographics or main variables at pretest. The experimental group showed significant differences in the subjective oral health condition, as compared to the control group. The experimental group showed an increase in the level of tooth-brushing effort (t=―8.816, P<.001) and higher scores of self-evaluative dental health status (P<.001) as compared to the control group. The experimental group showed a reduced plaque index (t=11.179, P<.001) and gingival bleeding index (t=5.812, P<.001) compared to the control group. Additionally, the experimental group showed significant differences in changes of plaque index and gingival bleeding index between the pretest and posttest. CONCLUSIONS: An interventional program on tooth brushing with priming effectively improved dental health, plaque index, and gingival bleeding index in EWDs residing in nursing homes. Direct care providers should understand the remaining abilities of EWDs and carry out priming when providing care to them.

Depressão e priming de palavras positivas, neutras e negativas / Depression and priming of positive, neutral and negative words

O objetivo foi explorar a associação entre o nível de depressão numa amostra não-clínica e o desempenho em tarefas de memória implícita (priming). Participaram 120 estudantes universitários com idades entre 18 e 27 anos, distribuídos aleatoriamente por duas condições a que correspondiam diferentes tarefas de aprendizagem e uma tarefa de completamento de troncos de palavras. A variável independente foi o nível de depressão (Inventário de Avaliação Clínica da Depressão). Os estímulos usados foram palavras positivas, neutras e negativas. Os resultados mostram uma relação entre maior nível de sintomas cognitivos de depressão e menor completamento de palavras, e sugerem o processamento preferencial de estímulos emocionais congruentes com o nível de depressão e a ativação secundária de estímulos emocionais pelos de valência oposta.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the level of depression in a nonclinical sample and the performance on implicit memory (priming) tasks. One-hundred and twenty university students aged between 18 and 27 years were randomly divided into two groups (conditions) based on different learning tasks but including the same word-stem completion task. The independent variable was the level of depression. The independent variable was the level of depression (Inventory of Clinical Assessment of Depression). The stimuli used were positive, neutral, and negative words. The results show a relationship between higher cognitive symptoms of depression and a reduced performance on word completion, and they suggest preferential processing of emotional congruent stimuli with the level of depression and the secondary activation of emotional stimuli by stimuli of opposite valence.

Semantic priming effect after left hemisphere stroke / O efeito de priming semântico após AVC no hemisfério esquerdo

Semantic priming effect (SPE) refers to a facilitation in processing a target due to the semantic association between that and a preceding stimulus (prime). Recent neuroimaging researches supports the hypothesis that brain left hemisphere (LH) plays an important role on this phenomenon. The purpose of the present study was to compare the SPE between patients with LH brain lesions and their controls at two different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA)s (300ms and 500ms). The sample was composed by 17 patients with LH lesion after stroke and 17 healthy controls matched on sex, age and educational level. They performed a lexical decision task on the semantic priming paradigm. Data showed no differences between groups. Clinical and control group didn`t present SPE at the 300ms SOA whilst both groups presented it at the 500ms SOA. Those findings cannot be understood as patient's impairments on SPE once control group performed similarly

O efeito de priming semântico se refere à facilitação no processamento de um estímulo alvo causada pela associação semântica existente entre este e um estímulo anterior (prime). Pesquisas recentes de neuroimagem corroboram a hipótese de que o hemisfério esquerdo tem um importante papel neste fenômeno. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o efeito de priming semântico entre pacientes com lesão no hemisfério esquerdo e seus controles através de dois diferentes intervalos entre os estímulos (300ms e 500ms). A amostra foi composta por 17 pacientes com lesão no hemisfério esquerdo causada por acidente vascular cerebral e 17 controles pareados por sexo, idade e escolaridade. Os participantes realizaram uma tarefa de decisão lexical no paradigma do priming semântico. Os dados não mostraram entre os grupos. Nem o grupo clínico nem o controle apresentaram efeito de priming semântico com 300ms de intervalo entre os estímulos enquanto os dois grupos apresentaram no intervalo de 500ms. Esses achados não podem ser interpretados como déficit dos pacientes visto que os controles obtiveram um desempenho semelhante

Alcance e limites da simbolização e da representação dos processos psíquicos nas filosofias, na psicanálise e nas neurociências / phenomenology, Habermas, neurosciences, Kandel, early psyche, autism epidemic, procedural or implicit memory, verbal or explicit memory, virtual culture media / The range and limits of symbolization and representation of mental processes in the philosophies, psychoanalysis and neurosciences

Frente às mudanças das psicopatologias que hoje nos acabrunham como psicanalistas e, inclusive, como cidadãos, o presente trabalho pretende deslindar se tais mudanças, no início do psiquismo, são, em princípio, passíveis de serem abrangidas pelas filosofias – exemplificadas pela fenomenologia de Habermas – ou pelas neurociências. A fenomenologia só chega a vislumbrar tentativamente e, como uma periferia, a ocorrência de fenômenos psíquicos por fora do modelo do texto a que se cinge, enquanto as neurociências só timidamente ampliam seu campo de estudo para além do cartesianismo de base de seus modelos mecânicos. Para tal fim, questiona-se a distinção, pelas neurociências, de uma memória procedimental ou implícita, que supõem não distinguir indivíduos ou eventos, e uma memória explícita, que só apareceria a partir de dois a três anos. Fica, pois, para a psicanálise, localizada na linha do naturalismo amplo de Freud, distante dos cartesianismos, conciliar seu devido lugar com o estudo das incidências da cultura dos meios sobre a simbolização e a representação, em especial quanto ao psiquismo precoce, no marco da atual epidemia de autismo

Due to the changes of psychopathology that overwhelm us today as psychoanalysts as well as citizens, this study aims to disentangle whether such changes at the beginning of the psyche are capable of being covered by the philosophies – exemplified by Habermas phenomenology – or by the neurosciences. The phenomenology only reaches a glimpse and as a periphery, the occurrence of psychic phenomena outside its text, while the neurosciences only maidenly extend its field of study beyond the Cartesian base of their mechanical models. Therefore, it is questioned the distinction done by the neurosciences of a procedural or implicit memory, which seems not to distinguish individuals or events, and of an explicit memory, which only appear after two to three years of age. Thus, it is for psychoanalysis, coming from the wide naturalism of Freud, far from the Cartesian notion, to reconcile its place in the study of the effects of the virtual culture media on the symbolism and representation, especially regarding the early psyche, within the framework of current epidemic of autism

Ante los cambios de las psicopatologías que hoy nos abruman como psicoanalistas e incluso como ciudadanos, el presente trabajo apunta a deslindar si dichos cambios, a punto de inicio en el psiquismo temprano, son en principio abarcables por las filosofías – ejemplificadas por la fenomenología de Habermas – o por las neurociencias. La fenomenología sólo llega a vislumbrar tentativamente y al modo de una periferia la ocurrencia de fenómenos psíquicos por fuera del modelo del texto al cual se ciñe, en tanto que las neurociencias sólo tímidamente amplían su campo de estudio más allá del cartesianismo de base de sus modelos mecánicos. A tal fin se cuestiona la distinción por las neurociencias de una memoria procedimental o implícita, que supone no distinguir individuos o eventos, y una memoria explícita que aparecería recién a partir de los 2-3 años. Queda pues para el psicoanálisis, ubicado en la línea del naturalismo amplio de Freud lejos de los cartesianismos, acordar su debido lugar al estudio de las incidencias de la cultura de los medios sobre la simbolización y la representación, en especial en cuanto al psiquismo temprano, en el marco de la actual epidemia del autismo

Priming effect of figures that represent external objects or human body parts

A visual stimulus (e.g., a letter, word, or object) may have a lasting effect on the processing of subsequent stimuli. The present study verified the priming effect of a figure (i.e., five-petal daisy) on manual reaction time (MRT) to another equal or different five-petal daisy. Two distinct groups were tested. One group was instructed that the five-petal daisy represented a human hand. The other group was instructed that the five-petal daisy represented a flower. The figures in the pairs of stimuli could share or not share some features such as handedness and view. In both groups, after being informed whether the five-petal daisy represented a flower or human hand, an uninformative flower was presented for 200 ms in the center of the screen. After 1000 ms, a second flower was presented in the same location until the observer responded by pressing a left or right switch. The results showed that prior presentation of the five-petal daisy affected MRT only when the figure represented a human hand. Furthermore, an opposite effect of view on MRT was found. The shorter MRT to the back (dorsal) view of the figure that represented a human hand could be attributable to a faster response to the dorsal view of a hand figure made with a prone posture of the participants' hand than to a front (palm) view. The longer MRT to the back view of the figure that represented a flower may be due to a mental rotation of the object along its vertical axis before selecting the correct response because the response was based on the position of the asymmetrical petal in the canonical front view of the daisy.

Psychoanalytic treatment: a neurobiological view

We present a review of several hypotheses concerning the possible neurobiological correlates of the main processes involved in analytic therapy. Attachment theory may represent an interesting link between psychoanalysis and neurobiology. According to Bowlby's conception, interactions with parental figures during infancy lead to the formation of an "internal working model." This determines how the individual will relate with others and cope with stress throughout life. The patterns formed are in many cases pathological. The internal working model is stored as implicit memory, which is expressed independently of consciousness. Clinical improvement in analytic therapy ultimately depends on changes in the implicit memory system, which entails structural brain modifications. Implicit memory system changes may be related to alterations in explicit memory systems, which result from interpretative work. They may also occur directly as a result of the emotional experiences in the patient-analyst relationship.

A repetição e o projeto de 1895: gérmen de um conceito / Repetition and the project of 1895: seeds of a concept / La répétition et le projet 1895: les semences d'un concept / La repetición y el proyecto de 1895: semilla de un concepto

Este artigo tem como propósito trazer uma contribuição à questão da repetição na teoria freudiana. Partindo dos textos pré-psicanalíticos propomos resgatar o conceito de vivência de dor, que nos coloca frente ao problema da repetição do desprazer. A dor aparece como uma falha dos dispositivos de proteção do aparato neuronal, apontando um processo que, mesmo envolvendo o desprazer, continua se repetindo, e nos dá indícios do que será designado, vinte anos depois, como compulsão à repetição.

This article discusses the question of repetition in Freudian theory. Beginning with pre-psychoanalytic texts, we go back to the concept of the experience of pain, which confronts us with the problem of the repetition of displeasure. Pain appears as a failure of protective mechanisms of the neuronal apparatus and indicates the existence of a process that, despite involving displeasure, continues to be repeated. The process also provides indications of the concept that, twenty years later, Freud called compulsion to repetition.

Cet article vise à apporter une contribution à la question de la répétition dans la théorie freudienne. En partant de textes pré-psychanalytiques, nous proposons reprendre le concept du phénomène de la douleur, ce qui nous met face au problème de la répétition du déplaisir. La douleur apparaÎt comme un échec des dispositifs de protection de l'appareil neuronal, indiquant un procédé qui, même en impliquant le déplaisir, se répète en permanence et nous fournit des indices de ce qui, vingt ans plus tard, sera nommé compulsion de répétition.

Este artículo objetiva contribuir sobre la cuestión de la repetición en la teoría freudiana. Se propone partir de los textos pré-psicoanalíticos para rescatar la vivencia del dolor, concepto que nos coloca frente al problema de la repetición del desplacer. El dolor aparece como una falla de los dispositivos de protección del aparato neuronal, señalando hacia un proceso que, aunque envuelva al desplacer, continua repitiéndose, lo que nos da indicios de lo que, veinte años después, será denominado como compulsión a la repetición.

Efeitos de priming semântico em tarefa de decisão lexical em crianças de 3ª série / Semantic priming effects during lexical decision task with 3rd grade children

No paradigma de priming semântico, mede-se a acurácia e velocidade de resposta ao estímulo-alvo, precedido por palavra semanticamente relacionada ou não relacionada (primes). Este trabalho apresenta um estudo pré-experimental de normas de associação semântica de palavras em 156 crianças e um estudo experimental, que avalia o efeito de priming semântico em 24 crianças em uma tarefa de decisão lexical. O experimento mostrou que as decisões lexicais para alvos reais foram significativamente mais lentas e menos precisas na condição prime não relacionado comparado à condição prime relacionado. Conclui-se que houve efeitos de priming semântico no reconhecimento visual de palavras em crianças, ou seja, o contexto semântico pré-ativou a representação da palavra alvo, facilitando a decisão lexical na condição de relação semântica.

In the semantic priming paradigm, accuracy and reaction time to a target-stimulus that is preceded by a prime (semantic related or unrelated to the target) are measured. This paper presents a pre-experimental study on word semantic association norms with 156 children and an experimental study that evaluated the effect of semantic priming in 24 children during a lexical decision task. Results showed that the lexical decisions for real targets were significantly slower and less accurate in the unrelated prime condition than in the related one. It means that there were semantic priming effects in children during visual recognition of words, that is, the semantic context pre-activated the target word representation, facilitating the lexical decision in the semantic related condition.

Passos e listas na investigação do priming ortográfico / Steps and lists in investigating orthographic priming

A presente comunicação apresenta (a) os critérios e procedimentos inerentes à elaboração de um instrumento de pesquisa para o efeito de priming ortográfico; e (b) listas de palavras e pseudopalavras, elaboradas segundo os critérios apresentados, próprias para utilização em tarefas como a decisão lexical, o preenchimento de lacunas ou a nomeação de palavras.

This article presents (a) the criteria and elaboration steps for a research instrument in the orthographic priming paradigm; and (b) word and pseudo-word lists, elaborated based on those criteria, may be used as instruments for lexical decision, word completion or nomination tasks.